Description
The members of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) family are components of a key signal transduction cascade that links events at the cell surface to responses in the nucleus. The signaling cascade is found in species as varied as yeast and humans, with many of the proteins being well conserved. In mammals the most widely studied members of the cascade are the Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases, ERK1 (p44 MAPK) and ERK2 (p42 MAPK). ERK1 and ERK2 share 85% homology and are activated by extracellular signals such as growth factors, hormones, and phorbol esters. Activation occurs through a series of phosphorylations by kinases activating other kinases and eventually leading to phosphorylation of the ERKs. Growth factor stimulation leads to activation of Ras and Raf, leading to phosphorylation of MEK1 (MAPK/ERK kinase) which, in turn, activates the ERKs via dual phosphorylation. Once activated, the ERKs phosphorylate other cytoplasmic signalling molecules, cell-surface receptors, microtubule-associated proteins, and transcription factors in the nucleus. Thus, the active ERK has myriad downstream effectors that implicate it in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as regulation of the cytoskeleton. Furthermore, studies have shown that elevated ERK activity is associated with some cancers.
The 20A monoclonal antibody recognizes the phosphorylated threonine 202 and tyrosine 204 (pT202/pY204) of human ERK1 and pT184/pY186 of human ERK2. The orthologous phosphorylation sites in murine ERK1 and ERK2 are T203/Y205 and T183/Y185.
Format
- Format
Alexa Fluor® 488
- Excitation Source
Blue 488 nm
- Excitation Max
495 nm
- Emission Max
519 nm
Alexa Fluor® conjugates are highly photostable and remain fluorescent over a broad pH range. The excitation and emission maxima are nearly identical to those of FITC. However, Alexa Fluor® 488 tends to be brighter and more optimal for intracellular applications. Due to nearly identical excitation and emission properties but different spillover characteristics, FITC and Alexa Fluor® 488 cannot be used simultaneously. Alexa Fluor® 488 exhibits extraordinary photostability, which makes it highly suitable for fluorescence microscopy.
Suggested Companion Products
Preparation and Storage
Store undiluted at 4°C and protected from prolonged exposure to light. Do not freeze.
The monoclonal antibody was purified from tissue culture supernatant or ascites by affinity chromatography.
The antibody was conjugated to Alexa Fluor® 488 under optimum conditions, and unreacted Alexa Fluor® 488 was removed.
Product Notices
- This reagent has been pre-diluted for use at the recommended Volume per Test. We typically use 1 × 10^6 cells in a 100-µl experimental sample (a test).
- Please refer to www.bdbiosciences.com/pharmingen/protocols for technical protocols.
- Alexa Fluor® 488 fluorochrome emission is collected at the same instrument settings as for fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
- The Alexa Fluor®, Pacific Blue™, and Cascade Blue® dye antibody conjugates in this product are sold under license from Molecular Probes, Inc. for research use only, excluding use in combination with microarrays, or as analyte specific reagents. The Alexa Fluor® dyes (except for Alexa Fluor® 430), Pacific Blue™ dye, and Cascade Blue® dye are covered by pending and issued patents.
- Alexa Fluor® is a registered trademark of Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR.
- For fluorochrome spectra and suitable instrument settings, please refer to our Multicolor Flow Cytometry web page at www.bdbiosciences.com/colors.
- Caution: Sodium azide yields highly toxic hydrazoic acid under acidic conditions. Dilute azide compounds in running water before discarding to avoid accumulation of potentially explosive deposits in plumbing.
- Source of all serum proteins is from USDA inspected abattoirs located in the United States.
- Species testing during development may have been performed with a different format of the same clone. Selected applications have been tested for cross-reactivity.
