Human lymphocytes may be classified in three main populations according to their biological function and their cell surface antigen expression: T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells (NK). Most B cells, with the exception of pre-B progenitors, pre-B cells, and mature plasma cells, express immunoglobulin on their surface. Each cell expresses only one Light Chain type. In normal peripheral blood and lymph nodes, there is a mixture of Kappa positive and Lambda positive cells, with two-thirds of the cells expressing Kappa and one-third expressing Lambda. Since lymphoid neoplasms are usually clonal expansions of a single cell, malignant cells uniformly express the same Light Chain isotype. Neoplastic B cell lymphoprolipherative disorders can frequently be suspected on the basis of the demonstration of a marker predominance of cells expressing a single Light Chain type.
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